Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a condition affecting the vocal cords.[1] It is characterized by abnormal closure of the vocal folds, which can result in significant difficulties and distress during breathing, particularly during inhalation, Due to the similarity in symptoms, VCD attacks are often mistaken for asthma attacks
Episodes can be triggered suddenly or develop gradually and triggers are numerous. Primary causes are believed to be gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), extra-esophageal reflux(EERD), exposure to inhaled allergens, post-nasal drip, exercise, or neurological conditions that can cause difficulty inhaling only during waking.[11] In addition, it has been associated with Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes, a group of connective tissue disorders.[12] associated with ligamentous LAXITY. Published studies emphasize anxiety or stress as a primary cause while more recent literature indicates a likely physical etiology.
The following increases an individual’s chances for acquiring VCD:[13]
- Upper airway inflammation (allergic or non-allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, recurrent upper respiratory infections)
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Past traumatic event that involved breathing (e.g. near-drowning, suffocation)
- Severe emotional trauma or distress
- Female gender
- Playing a wind instrument
- Playing a competitive or elite sport